[1] Aldila, D., Rarasati, N., Nuraini, N. and Soewono, E. Optimal control problem of treatment
for obesity in a closed population, Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2014 (1) (2014), 273037.
[2] Boles, A., Kandimalla, R. and Reddy, P.H. Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: Epidemio-
logical perspective, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1863(5) (2017), 1026–1036.
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Diabetes Statistics Report, U.S. De-
partment of Health and Human Services, 2022.
[4] Christakis, N.A. and Fowler, J.H. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32
years, New Engl. J. Med. 357(4) (2007), 370–379.
[5] Chitnis, N., Hyman, J.M. and Cushing, J.M. Determining important parameters in the
spread of malaria through the sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model, Bull. Math.
Biol. 70 (2008), 1272–1296.
[6] Chiyaka, E.T. and Garira, W. Mathematical analysis of the transmission dynamics of schis-
tosomiasis in the human-snail hosts, J. Biol. Syst. 17(3) (2009), 397–423.
[7] Després, J.P. L’obésité abdominale, une maladie métabolique, John Libbey Eurotext, 2007.
[8] Dubey, B., Patra, A., Srivastava, P.K. and Dubey, U.S. Modeling and analysis of an SEIR
model with different types of nonlinear treatment rates, J. Biol. Syst. 21(3) (2013) p.1350023.
[9] El Mansouri, A., Labzai, A., Belam, M. and Rachik, M. Mathematical modeling and optimal
control strategy for the obesity epidemic, 2022 (2022), Article ID 20.
[10] El Mansouri, A., Smouni, I., Khajji, B., Labzai, A., Belam, M. and Tidli, Y. Optimal control
in a mathematical model of the spread of the obesity epidemic and its impact on diabetes,
Commun. Math. Biol. Neurosci., 2023 (2023), Article ID 74.
[11] El Mansouri, A., Smouni, I., Khajji, B., Labzai, A. and Belam, M. Mathematical modeling
and optimal control strategy for the monkeypox epidemic, Math.l Model. Comput. 10(3)
(2023), 944–955.
[12] Essounaini, A., Labzai, A., Laarabi, H. and Rachik, M. Mathematical modeling and optimal
control strategy for a discrete time model of COVID-19 variants, Commun. Math. Biol.
Neurosci., 2022 (2022), Article ID 25.
[13] Gumel, A.B., Shivakumar, P.N. and Sahai, B.M. A mathematical model for the dynamics of
HIV-1 during the typical course of infection, Nonlinear Anal. Theory. Method. Appl. 47(3)
(2001), 1773–1783.
[14] Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammation and metabolic disorders, Nature 444 (2006), 860–867.
[15] Hu, Z., Teng, Z. and Jiang, H. Stability analysis in a class of discrete SIRS epidemic models,
Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl. 13(5) (2012), 2017–2033.
[16] Jódar, L., Santonja, F.J. and González-Parra, G. Modeling dynamics of infant obesity in
the region of Valencia, Spain, Comput. Math. with Appl. 56(3) (2008), 679–689.
[17] Kahn, S. E., Hull, R. L. and Utzschneider, K. M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin
resistance and type 2 diabetes, Nature 444 (2006), 840–846.
[18] Khajji, B., Kada, D., Balatif, O. and Rachik, M. A multi-region discrete time mathemat-
ical modeling of the dynamics of COVID-19 virus propagation using optimal control, J.
Appl.Math. Comput. 64 (2020), 255–281.
[19] Kim, M.S., Chu, C. and Kim, Y. A note on obesity as epidemic in Korea, Osong Public
Health. Res. Perspect. 2 (2011), 135–140.
[20] Kouidere, A., Labzai, A., Ferjouchia, H., Balatif, O. and Rachik, M. A new mathematical
modeling with optimal control strategy for the dynamics of population of diabetics and its
complications, J. Appl. Math. 2020(1) (2020), 1943410.
[21] Kot, M. Elements of Mathematical Ecology, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
[22] Labzai, A., Kouidere, A., Balatif, O. and Rachik, M. Stability analysis of mathematical
model of COVID-19 disease spread in population, Commun. Math. Biol. Neurosci., 2020
(2020), Article ID 41.
[23] La Salle, J.P. The Stability of Dynamical Systems, Society for Industrial and Applied Math-
ematics, 1976.
[24] Misra, A.K., Sharma, A. and Singh, V. Effect of awareness programs in controlling the
prevalence of an epidemic with time delay, J. Biol. Syst. 19(2) (2011), 389–402.
[25] Mwasa, A. and Tchuenche, J.M. Mathematical analysis of a cholera model with public health
intervention, Biosystems 105(3) (2011), 190–200.
[26] Naheed, A., Singh, M. and Lucy, D. Numerical study of SARS epidemic model with the
inclusion of diffusion in the system, Appl. Math. Comput. 229 (2014), 480–498.
[27] National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S.). Division
of Diabetes Translation. Maps in trends of diagnosed diabetes and obesity (2015) https:
//stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/29563.
[28] Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Kit, B.K. and Flegal, K.M. Prevalence of childhood and adult
obesity in the United States, 2011–2012, JAMA 311(8) (2014), 806–814.
[29] Osman, S., Otoo, D., Sebil, C. and Makinde, O.D. Bifurcation, sensitivity and optimal con-
trol analysis of modelling anthrax–listeriosis co-dynamics, Commun. Math. Biol. Neurosci.
2020 (2020) 98.
[30] Osman, S., Togbenon, H.A. and Otoo, D. Modelling the dynamics of campylobacteriosis
using nonstandard finite difference approach with optimal control, Comput. Math. Methods
Med. 2020(1) (2020), p.8843299.
[31] Pang, L., Liu, S., Zhang, X., Tian, T. and Zhao, Z. Transmission dynamics and control
strategies of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, J. Biol. Syst. 28(3) (2020), 543–560.
[32] Public Health England, 3.8 million people in England now have diabetes, 2016
[33] Sahib, I., Baroudi, M., Gourram, H., Khajji, B., Labzai, A. and Belam, M. The analysis of
the mathematical stability of a cholera disease model, Iran. J. Numer. Anal. Optim. 15(3)
(2025), 852–876.
[34] Santonja, F.J., Villanueva, R.J., Jódar, L. and González-Parra, G. Mathematical modelling
of social obesity epidemic in the region of Valencia, Spain, Math. Comput. Model. Dyn.
Syst. 16(1) (2010), 23–34.
[35] Smith, K.B. and Smith, M.S. Obesity statistics, Prim. Care - Clin. Off. 43(1) (2016), 121–
135.
[36] Smouni, I., El Mansouri, A., Khajji, B., Labzai, A., Belam, M. and Tidli, Y. Mathematical
modeling and analysis of a monkeypox model, Commun. Math. Biol. Neurosci. 2023 (2023)
Article ID 85.
[37] Sherr, D. and Lipman, R.D. Diabetes educators: skilled professionals for improving predia-
betes outcomes, Am. J. Prev. Med. 44(4) (2013), S390–S393.
[38] Sharma, S. and Samanta, G.P. Drinking as an epidemic: a mathematical model with dynamic
behaviour, J. Appl. Math. Inform. 31(1-2) (2013), 1–25.
[39] Tahir, M., Inayat Ali Shah, S., Zaman, G. and Muhammad, S. Ebola virus epidemic disease:
modeling and stability analysis with required abstain strategies, Cogent Biol. 4(1) (2018)
1488511.
[40] Tilahun, G.T., Makinde, O.D. and Malonza, D. Modelling and optimal control of pneumonia
disease with cost-effective strategies, J. Biol. Dyn. 11 (2017), 400–426.
[41] Tremblay, A. and Chaput, J.P. About unsuspected potential determinants of obesity, Appl.
Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 33(4) (2008), 791–796.
[42] Wang, X.Y., Hattaf, K., Huo, H.F. and Xiang, H. Stability analysis of a delayed social
epidemics model with general contact rate and its optimal control, J. Ind. Manag. Optim.
12(4) (2016) 1267.
[43] Wang, S.S. and Brownell, K.D. Public policy and obesity: the need to marry science with
advocacy, Psychiatric Clin. 28(1) (2005), 235–252.
[44] World Health Organization et al. Diabetes (2022).
[45] World Health Organization, Global Report on Diabetes (2016).
[46] World Health Organization, Diabetes (Fact Sheet) (2021).
[47] World Health Organization, Obesity and overweight, Newsroom (2021).
[48] World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, WHO European Regional Obesity
Report (2022
